ECOLOGY
The term ecology refers to all the organisms in a given place in interaction with their nonliving environment (Forman, 1995: 19; Forman & Godron, 1986: 9)(2,3). Landscape studies suggest that there is a limit in the variety of habitats available for organisms (Forman, 1995: 21)(2).
Ecological context is much more complex than an organism and its accurate indicators are rarely available (Freedman et al., 1995: 69)(4).
Structure, metabolism and biogeochemistry of ecosystems (Es) are exceedingly complex (Likens, 1995: 381)(8) and Es response to environmental variability is a complex product of coevolution.
Simple components of an E are considered to be deterministic in their cause and effect relationships. However, the behavior of Es is affected by sources of variation beyond our ability to understand their
complexity (Moir & Mowrer, 1995: 240)(9). Understanding of Es is weak and prediction of cause-effect relationship in Es is very imprecise (Woodley & Forbes, 1995: 55)(10).
Terms relative to the protection of Es, like preservation, conservation, restoration, mitigation, and sustainability, which are becoming popularized, are often confused (Likens, 1995: 13)(8). The definition of "sustain" is not simple although efforts have been made to clarify the word by the context in which it is used (Moir & Mowrer, 1995: 240)(9). Sustainability of Es is complex since many properties of Es are still abstract (Gauthier & Patino, 1995: 540)(5).
In the management of Es, taxonomic units may be arbitrary and Es boundaries are usually highly subjective: frequently they lack adequate definition and/or depend on context. Institutional boundaries differ from ecological ones and different management agencies vary in mandate, policies, responsibilities or jurisdictions generating the need of joint decision making (Anderson, 1995: 46; Woodley & Forbes, 1995: 54-55)(1, 10) Managing Es in the sense of full control is not possible. The complexity of natural Es defies the establishment of an absolute experimental control (Likens, 1985: 382; Woodley & Forbes, 1995:55)(7, 10).
References
1. ANDERSON,J G T(1995) «Ecosystem Ecology and Conservation Biology: A Critique», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995) pp. 45-49.
2. FORMAN, R T & M GODRON(1986) Landscape Ecology, New York, Wiley.
3. FORMAN, R T T(1995) Land Mosaics. The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions, Cambridge, CUP.
4. FREEDMAN,B et al.(1995) «Ecological Monitoring and Research in Greater Ecological Reserves», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995) pp. 68-80.
5. GAUTHIER,D A & L PATINO(1995) «Protected Area Planning in Fragmented Data Poor Regions», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995) pp. 537-547.
6. HERMAN, T B et al.(Eds)(1995) Ecosystem Monitoring and Protected Areas, Wolfville, SAMPAA.
7. LIKENS G E(1985) «An Experimental Approach For the Study of Ecosystems», Jour. of Ecol.73, 381-396.
8. LIKENS,G E(1995) «Sustainable Ecological Research and the Protection of Ecosystems», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995), pp. 13-21.
9. MOIR,W H & H T MOWRER(1995), «Unsustainability», For.Ecol.and Mgment.73, 239-248.
10. WOODLEY,S & G FORBES(1995) «Ecosystem Management and Protected Areas: Principles, Problems and Practices», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995), pp. 50-58.
1. ANDERSON,J G T(1995) «Ecosystem Ecology and Conservation Biology: A Critique», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995) pp. 45-49.
2. FORMAN, R T & M GODRON(1986) Landscape Ecology, New York, Wiley.
3. FORMAN, R T T(1995) Land Mosaics. The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions, Cambridge, CUP.
4. FREEDMAN,B et al.(1995) «Ecological Monitoring and Research in Greater Ecological Reserves», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995) pp. 68-80.
5. GAUTHIER,D A & L PATINO(1995) «Protected Area Planning in Fragmented Data Poor Regions», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995) pp. 537-547.
6. HERMAN, T B et al.(Eds)(1995) Ecosystem Monitoring and Protected Areas, Wolfville, SAMPAA.
7. LIKENS G E(1985) «An Experimental Approach For the Study of Ecosystems», Jour. of Ecol.73, 381-396.
8. LIKENS,G E(1995) «Sustainable Ecological Research and the Protection of Ecosystems», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995), pp. 13-21.
9. MOIR,W H & H T MOWRER(1995), «Unsustainability», For.Ecol.and Mgment.73, 239-248.
10. WOODLEY,S & G FORBES(1995) «Ecosystem Management and Protected Areas: Principles, Problems and Practices», In: T B Herman et al.(Eds)(1995), pp. 50-58.
We need 'a global movement to defend
Mother Earth'
(Derrick O'Keefe)
ConoSur:
Farming takes environmental toll
(Andrés Gaudin)
Energy
Advances in Energy Studies
ENERGY FLOWS IN ECOLOGY AND ECONOMYCoal Power still Going Strong
ENERGY FLOWS IN ECOLOGY AND ECONOMYCoal Power still Going Strong
Efforts
to curb greenhouse-gas emissions have yet to dent enthusiasm for coal
The future of low carbon energy
Royal Geographic Society
The future of low carbon energy
Royal Geographic Society
Agroenergy
Putting It Together
Putting It Together
New Major Explores Ecology-Based Agriculture
Energy and Economic Myths, by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
Storage, Emergy and Transformity
Energy and Economic Myths, by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
Storage, Emergy and Transformity
Epistemological Challenges to Science and Technology
Resilience, Flexibility, and Adaptative Management
Resilience, Flexibility, and Adaptative Management
ABSTRACT
In many cases, a predicate of adaptive environmental assessment and management (AEAM) has been a search for flexibility in management institutions, or for resilience in the ecological system prior to structuring actions that are designed for learning. Many of the observed impediments to AEAM occur when there is little or no resilience in the ecological components (e.g., when there is fear of an ecosystem shift to an unwanted stability domain), or when there is a lack of flexibility
in the extant power relationships among stakeholders. In these cases, a pragmatic solution is to seek to restore resilience or flexibility rather than to pursue a course of broad-scale, active adaptive management. Restoration of resilience and flexibility may occur through novel assessments or small-scale experiments, or it may occur when an unforeseen policy crisis allows for reformation or restructuring of power relationships among stakeholders.
Belief
In anthropology [ecology] the centre stage is [was] for people [Nature] (39). Some [people] societies pay more attention to knowledge [beliefs] than to beliefs [knowledge], and more attention to protected [recreational] areas than to recreational [protected] areas (40)
Language adjusts to the world's view and structural aspects of
language influence ways of looking at the world
1st International Conference
5th-9th September 2001, StAndrews, Scotland
ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS
Other References
2. Protected Areas
6. Conservation Ecology
10. Traditional Ecological Knowledge Concepts and Cases
12. Die off
2. Protected Areas
6. Conservation Ecology
10. Traditional Ecological Knowledge Concepts and Cases
12. Die off
"If
a path to the better there be, it begins with a full look at the worst."
-- Thomas Hardy
Ecology and Society (1)
Ecosystems and Immune Systems: Hierarchical Response Provides Resilience against Invasions
Ecology and Society (2)
Advocacy, Science, Policy, and Life in the Real World
Advocacy, Science, Policy, and Life in the Real World
A Report for the IHDP by
Carl Folke,
Lowell Pritchard Jr., Fikret Berkes, Johan Colding, and
Uno Svedin May
1998 , © by the authors
Published by the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 5113 Bonn, Germany. E-mail: ihdp@uni-bonn.de, Web: www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp The Working Papers are an IHDP publications series to draw attention to emerging issues in the field of Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. The Papers represent preliminary material circulated to stimulate discussion and comments. These represents the view(s) of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IHDP nor its sponsors ICSU and ISSC.
Conditions for sustainability of
human–environment systems: Information, motivation, and capacity.
Sustainable Development
EPISTEMOLOGICAL CHALLENGES TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, by Gilberto Gallopín, October 2004
University of Oxford
Sir David King warns of climate change conflict
The Iraq war was the first ‘resource war’ according to Professor Sir David King, Director of the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment and a former UK government chief scientist.
Climate change may kill the Amazon rainforest
The dieback of the Amazonian forests caused by climate change is not inevitable but remains a distinct possibility, according to a study led by the Professor of Ecosystem Science at Oxford University.
Wild Singapore News
Going nowhere fast: top rivers
face mounting threats
Many Major Rivers in Danger of Drying Out - WWF
Story by Douwe Miedema
WWF says pollution, dams threaten rivers
By Eliane Engeler, Associated Press Writer
Many Major Rivers in Danger of Drying Out - WWF
Story by Douwe Miedema
WWF says pollution, dams threaten rivers
By Eliane Engeler, Associated Press Writer
WWF for a living planet!
Importance
The La Plata basin is the 2nd largest river basin in South America.
Location
The Rio de la Plata crosses 5 countries: Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Bolivia. The river basin has 3 main tributaries, the Paraná, the Paraguay and the
The La Plata basin is the 2nd largest river basin in South America.
Location
The Rio de la Plata crosses 5 countries: Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Bolivia. The river basin has 3 main tributaries, the Paraná, the Paraguay and the
Uruguay Rivers.
World Rainforest Movement
Congo, DR: The Inga hydropower project, a betrayal of social promises
The Turbulent Waters of Pan de Azucar
Patagonia
At the remotest tip of South America lies one of the wildest places on the planet - a wonderland of snowcapped volcanoes, pristine rainforests, and windswept pampas. Perhaps Patagonia will become a paradise for ecotourism. Or perhaps it will fall victim to Chile's voracious appetite for energy.
Drugging the Waters by Elizabeth Royte
As the population ages, Americans become more and more dependent on their prescription medications. Now scientists are beginning to wonder: What happens when all those pharmaceuticals get flushed into the nation's rivers -- and into our drinking water?
The Owl, Spotted by Alison Hawthorne DemingOne fine day, a poet and a scientist entered a forest in the Pacific Northwest to observe together the most iconic of all our threatened species. Here is what they found.
religion-online.org
Full texts by recognized religious scholars
Ecology/Environment
http://www.religion-online.org/listbycategory.asp?Cat=45 (47 articles)
As countries attempt to close two weeks
of talks today, the atmosphere in Copenhagen has reached a level of
tension difficult to explain to those not here. You’ve seen some of
the headlines by now. The initial sticking points remain the same,
such as China and the United States finding common ground -- or
failing to. The outcome is still unknown.
John Anthony (sent to Ricardo Luis
Plaul
Communications Director, Energy & Climate
http://www.UNFoundation.org
Sent to Emilia Mª Trevisi Foundation by Ricardo Luis Plaul, Argentina.
***
Communications Director, Energy & Climate
http://www.UNFoundation.org
Sent to Emilia Mª Trevisi Foundation by Ricardo Luis Plaul, Argentina.
***
Visite "EL CULTURAL DE LA SIERRA"
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